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Full text of "Der blinder beแนญler [oder di Plaแนญanishe liebe]"

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ืชื’ ืž8ืž1.ืŸ ื—ืืคื•1ื•ืžืชืž1ื ืฆ 41,ื“1611ื 6ืชืข2ืขืž8ืž/2ืข21ืขืค ืืข ืฆืข1ืค 


7 .ืกื–ื• 


ืื ื, 11ื˜ื˜ ืื˜10ืืŸ, ื ื˜ ืื˜12 


ื™ืข 
4 ื˜ 


4 ื/ 


ืฆืฆืคืฆื˜,ื–4,ืข 48 ื–ื /1ื 1 
08 1,261 01:) ื˜ืž ืืขืฉื™ื“ื’, 111 ืžื•ืค!ื ืคืžืกื–ืฆ 


2 


ืื” ื“ืื•ืื™) 8668 ื•ืคื•ื˜ืกื 1ืฆ, ื–ื ื116,/ื•ื• 


ืค5ื“ื–ื“ืขืคื˜ืข1,8559861ื , 51 111 ื’, 


ืื˜ ื“ืืขืก ืฆืกืกื ืชืžืคื ืกื˜ืคื ืฆ 41 ื10ื“ืข, ื 
ืคื“ื“ืขืคื˜4-4 ,59 1ื , 1ื“ืค ืขื˜ 1ื“ ื“ืข 


60 881124ืž19110ืคืกื ืฆ | 250-4900 413 


)ืชืข0ืก. ืžืข ื•ื™ืืข6ืืฆ0ืก80ืžื’ืค1ื ืกืž1ืฆ. ืฆื™ืขืœืขืฅ 


ืขืชื“ ืชืกืข ืกืคืื–ืกืคืชืืฉ? ืขืก ืŸื,ื–ื 
ืฆืชืข4ื ืชืž1ืŸ1 ืชืค1ื•ืžืžื ืฆ }ื’,;11ื˜ืกื•1ื ืกืชืข8 ืŸืขืค ืืง ืฆ4ืข1ืค 


;ืฆื ืคืขืคื•ื ืฆืกืขืข ,ืœืข 


4 1 01960ื˜) .ื 1006 1 

1 1ื–ื˜06ืฅื˜) 106 67 4716/ 
/ื“111ื–ื–ื1 11811ื˜711ื‘) ื–ื–ื•ืกื ื•ื–ืฉ6ืค 1116 
101111601101 1 ื–111/50//10 .ื ื—ื–ื—ื˜ื–ืกื ื”ื•ื— 100016 
8160 208 
06 +ื–6ื˜10 
1ืก1011110011 16/3008 151911160118 
0561 .ื›ืŸ /161 

1010111115/6 800 614 5001 
101111601101 679ื˜0111/'ืฉ 160116116 8114 /ืจื–ื–ื”ื‘ืŸ 
2 ืขืก ืคืžืชืื˜ื–ืืฅ ืกื ืคึผืžืชืขืžื–ืืชื–ื ื–ื 
ื–6116) 000 310615/1 8 1101 


{ืกืกืชืฅืค 1201010021 8 68000/4.18ืงืŸ 201060 ืขืก ,6ื˜ื—ื˜ 6ืฐ00/66 ืกืช 1 
ื–ืกื–1 002068 ืชืกืชืง010ืก ืขื˜ืก ืข10 ืชืกื—ื”ื–1ืงืคืช1 ืกืช 1 . ืฉ016811014 100150 04 
.151261 ,0ื–16:05216 }0 1ืช11202 600161/' 2084 0ืก1ืกืช 406 ืฉื˜ 4692 8 


1285 /?ื–ืกืงืŸืกืขื ืง 4611606021ืช1 ืกืช8 +12ืขืฅืขืงืกืก 106 16506048 /6016-) 8008 ืช310015 21ืช14210 ืกืช 1 
ืชื–ื’ืžื ืกืก ืกืกื˜ืง ืกื—} ืช1 /6ื—614 18 4106 415 ,1606ื˜ืฉืกืชื ืขื˜ืก 04 0684 106 10 .ืคืืกืกื˜ ;ื˜ืก ืชื– 
-1460414160 06 ื’ืก ื–106ืก0 124ืขืฅืขืงืกืก +ืชืกืขื–ื˜ืก ืกืช ื—ืก1ืชื˜ืฆ 104 ืืขืกื˜ืฅ ืชื’ืืงื–ืก ืชื’ 15 +1 ืขืก 
-- 0068 ืกืชื˜ื– ืฉืฉืกื—ื ื˜ืกืฅ 14 ืขืก - ืฆืขืกื˜ืฆ 4018 0 +18ืฆืฅืงืกืก 6ืข2061 ืชื’ 0(ืกืช ื˜ืกืฅ 1 
.18061ื˜0ืฅ8ืข01981121110 21 11ื’ืชื–ืก ืฆื˜ ืขืก ,153ื 413-256-4900 24 ืกืชืกืชืง ืขื˜ 5ื˜ 024204ืก 16256ืงืŸ 


ื, ื‘ึผืืจืืฃ, - 


6 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ 8 


ืฆืื’?ื00 ืกืื–1188ืžื˜? ืฉืขืชืžืžื / 
04 ืกื 8600 0881 88-88-87 : 


= ืื˜ 
: 6 
ืึธืจืขืจ 
ืื ื™ 


ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœื 


ื™ื ืจืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ. 


ืฉืข ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืข. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘. ื‘ืืจืึธืฃ 


ื™ื• 


ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ื ืฆืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื ื™ื, โ€ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืึทื ื’ืข 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื”ืืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืข- 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืžืืจื“, ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืœืึทืกืขืŸ ืืฒื ื’ืขืฉืจื•ืžืคึผื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข:, ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื’ืขืงื ื™ื™ืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ืขืœ- 
ืžื•ื˜ืช. 

ืึดื™ืšึธ ื–ืขื” ืื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ื’, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ืกื•ืงืื•ื•ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขื•ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืคึผืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึดื ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื”ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ. ืื™ืš 
ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืž ืคืืจื’ืขืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืœืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืœืจืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื " 
ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื ืก-ืงืจืืžื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืก-ืคืืœืขืŸ 
ื ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืขืจื˜ ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืคื™ืœืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึดื™ ื˜ืื  ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ึผืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 


ื ื™ื™ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ. ืฆื•ึผ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ืžืืœ ื’ืขืคืื—ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ 

ืืจืึธืคึผื ืฒืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืข-ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ืจื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืขื 
ืงืึธืคึผืฃ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืžืฑื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืืกืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื‘ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคื™ืขืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™-ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืœืืคืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœื ืึท ืจืขื’ืขืœ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขืกื˜ืขื› ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืœื ืฆืฐืืžืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ? | 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขื—ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ 
ื ืœื™ืงืกื™ืงืœื™ื‘ืขื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื• 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืืฑืฃ ืกื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื• 
ื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคื™ืจื˜. 


8 38 ื‘ึฟืึทืจืึธืคึฟ, - 


: ืœื™ืœ ื•ืืจ ืจ ืกื˜ืœื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืื  ืึธืŸ, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื 
ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ โ€ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื˜ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ-ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ื ืขืงืจืึธื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืœืขืง- 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึทื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืืก 
ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึผ, ืคืœืขื  ืื™ืš ืœืื ื ื–ืื ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจืึธืคึฟืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ืื™ืฃ ื–ืืœ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืึทื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืืก ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ืขื“ืขืก 
ืžืื”ืœ ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื™ืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ืจืขืคึผืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ื›ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ':ื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜. 

| ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ โ€ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ 

ื–ื•ืžืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืฑื™ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื•ื™ืœืกื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขื ื“ืข ื ืึทืกืกืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื, ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขืœื˜ืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืข 
ื—ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืืฅ, ืื™ืžืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืš. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืขืจ ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืขื˜ ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืึผ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฑื–ืึทืžืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืคืขื—ืœื˜ 
ืึทื• ื˜ืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื”ืจ โ€ ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื”ืฒื˜ ืืก 


ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื ื ื’ืขืœืœืข ื‘ืœืืกืกืงืฒื˜ 
ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื‘ึผืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข 
ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ื ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืžื›ื•ื ื’. 

ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืขื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืึทื ืข : ืื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ?, ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื˜ื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆืฐื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืฐืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื ืขื ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทืฅ โ€ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจื– ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื™ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืจืขืกื™ืจืขืŸ? 

ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืšึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืจื™ื™ื–, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืขื“ืœืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื‘ื˜ ื–ืืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ื”ืข ืื”ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ" 
ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืกืขื ื˜ ? 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืขืžืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืขืจืขืก ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืžืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืื•ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืจืื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ืข, ืึท 
ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื“ื•ื ืฐื™ื ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืข, 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืžืขืจ 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ 


| ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืึท ื ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืก ืื - 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ื ืื ืฆืข 
ื’ืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ื˜ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืฑื™ืกื ื•ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื˜ื–ืขื›ื”ืืคื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื ืึธืฃ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืขื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, / ืคืืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข 
ืžื•ืจืึธื“ื™ื ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ื˜ ืึทืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื” ืื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื;ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืค 
ื ืจื•ื™ืกืกืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืœืข ื”ืฑื›ื˜ืฅ 
ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข ืฉื ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข 
ื”ืึธืจ, ื˜ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึธืจืจ ืคืœื™ืขื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื ืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ.--.-ื”ืขื›ืขืจ..--ืื”ื™ืŸ...- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœืึธืจืข ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ......ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื ื“ื”ืขืจืฆื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜!..- 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ืืฑื™ืคื’ืขื”ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืžืืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 


ืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื”ื ืข ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฆืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืข, 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืžืขื˜ืขืœื ื™ืฆืข. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ื ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืื•ื•ืขื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืจืึธืง ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ื’ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–, ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืœ" 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื˜ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืึท 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. | 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืจืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืึท 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• 
ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ / 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืคืขืจืคึผืจืึธืจืขื ืข 
ืคึผืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืืจื’ ืฉื ื™ื™, 
ืื ื’ืขืฉืคืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืึทืจืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ, ืฉืึธืงืœืขื ื“ื™ื’,. ืฐืึธืงืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืื›ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


6 ืื‘. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืžืคืึธืจืžืข, ื‘ื™ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธืคึฟืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืŸ ืึทื˜ื”ืขื 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืกืึธืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืกื˜, 

ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ืึธืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ืฉืžืขืจืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื”ืขื ืงื•ึนื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขื™ 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜. 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜, ืงื• 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื˜ืขืจื˜ื”ื•ื. , 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื—ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข ื”ืขื ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื›ืึทื“ืขืŸ โ€ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ 
ื ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงืขืŸ ื“ืื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ืข ื”ืึทื•ืฅ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืึท 
ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื‘ืืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื•ื•ื™ืจืคืข ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ืฃ ืžืึทืš ืฉืคืืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืืก 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขื”ื™ื  ืฆื•ื ืฉืคึผืืกืกืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ื–ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื™ืจื™ื’ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื–ื 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉืฐืืš ื’ืขืฑืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื”, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจืขื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืืฑื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื ื’ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ืฃ ื ืขื“ืื ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ 


ื–ื˜ 


ื‘ึผืึทืจืืฃ, 
ืจืงื™ืข 

ืื ืฉืคึผืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ื  ื–ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืขื, ื”ืื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ.... 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืืžืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ื”ื 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ืฆื˜ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืึธืจืจืขืจื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืจืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœื™ื ืง ื“ืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืžึผืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ึผื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืงื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื™ 
ืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ืจืก-ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ? ื ืึธืš ื•ืขืก 
ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจืฐืืจืขืกื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึทืฐืขืงื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ, ื”ืื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ึผืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืื ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜,, ื ื•ืจ ืขืก ืื™ ืึท 
ื•ื•ืื•:ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื. 

ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืŸ 


ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืึท 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืจืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจื™ 1 


+( 


ื™ื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื’ื™ื™ืŸ!, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืฐืึธืฆื• 
ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ ? = ื•ื•ืืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ื- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ? ื ื™ื™ืŸืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืกืขื ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคืขืจื ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ื™ืขืจืก ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืข ืคืขืจื ืื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื• ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื˜;ืจืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจืฒืจืขืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ึผื™ืกืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืงื™ืขื ืขืจ. 

ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ื  ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืขืจ, ืื - 
'ืฉืคึผืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืึทื ื’ืขืŸ:-- 

ื•ื•ืขืœ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. 
ื™ื, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’, ื›ืึทื ื’ ื ืขืง ืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืŸ 
ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืขื“ืœืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืคืืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฆืขืœืขืŸ, ืขื ื˜ืจืขืงืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืข-ื™ื’ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข..ืคื™ืขืœ- 
ืงืฒื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื™ืขื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขืกืืŸ 
ืคื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึผื˜ืก-ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืขืœืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื?--ื“ืึธ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืžืข ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ึผื™ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ื ืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื ื ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืึทืกืขืŸ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื. ืฆื•ืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ืขืŸ 


ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜....ื™ื 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ,ื–ื™ื" ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
-ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืจืขื ืฆ-ืœืึธื– โ€ ื˜ืจื™ื™, ืื™ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜.-ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื•ื›ืฆืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ,, ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขื’ืขื•ื•ืืœ- 
ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื ืฉื˜-ืขื ื ื•ื ื’ ืื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ:-- 

ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจืข! ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ- 
ื–ืึธื”ืจ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืืจืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ืคืื“ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื ืขื“ื™ ื ืง ืงืœืึธืจ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขื›ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืข?ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ึผื™ืœืจืขืจ. | 

;ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื ืข ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื“ืขืจืข 
ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืšืฃ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืืจื ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื•ื”ืœืขืŸ 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืข: ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื  ื”ืืคื ื•ื ื ืกืคืืœ ืื™ืœืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืึธืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. 

.ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืข= 
ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืืง 
ื”ืื› ื ืืฃ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ืืก ืคืืจ ืึท ืœืื ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืข-ื ืขืœืื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืงื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ 


8 ืื  ื‘ืึทืจืึธืฃ. 


ืคืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืคืืจืžืขืจ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ื—ืžื ื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื›ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜ืขืŸ 
ืชื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฃ. 

;ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืจ ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ 
ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืฆืœื™ืฃ. 
;ื‘ืขืจ ืขื ืจืœื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ืื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ 
ื–ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืข ืœืึทื ืข. 
ื™ื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื, 
ื™ื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื”. 

ืื“ืืฆื• ื”ืืค ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืœื˜ื”ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืข ื–ืื ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื - 
ืขืจืงืืš ืื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขื–. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื”ืื‘ 
ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืœื˜ื”ืข- 
ื•ืขืจื ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ื’ืŸ ื™ืชื•ื, ืฆื•ื–ืื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื™ ืœืื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื• ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืกื™ืจืขืŸ, 
ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ. 

ืืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืขื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ืึท ื™ื ื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืื™, ืคื•ื”ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ ื‘ืื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื ืขืจืฉืจืืงืขืŸ ื ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืคืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึตื•ืกืฆื•- 


ื™ื˜ืืืขืขื ื ื™ืฉืงืขื ืฉื ืขื ืฉืขืฉืขืงื˜ืขืงืงื™ื›ื’ืขืขืขื ืขื’ืขื˜ืงื ื ื˜ืขืฉื˜ืขืฉืขืจื˜ืžื™ื™ื–ื•ืื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงื™ื ื“, ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืื”ืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืฑื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื”ืข ื ืขืงืจืื’ืขืŸ ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคึผืœืื˜ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืก ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ืึธืœืœ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ื”ืขืŸ, ื—ืึทืคึผืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืจืข- 
ืžืขืœ, ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืขื“ืข, ืฆื•ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข 
ืื‘ืจื™ื. ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื ืข- 
ืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืก ืจืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉืžืขืงืขืŸ ืึท ืจืขืกื˜ืืจืึทื ื˜, ืึท ื‘ืขืงืขืจื™ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืจืฒืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึทืคึผืขืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืœ..ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงืึธื - 
ื˜ืจืืœื™ืจืขืŸ. ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ืขืœืขืŸ, ื”ืื‘ 
ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืื•ื ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืข 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜. ื ืืš 
ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื™ืื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ืคึผืฃ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึท 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื•ื = 
ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคึผืขื“ืœืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ* ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจืึธื ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ืืคืคื™ื. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืงืืึผ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ 
ื‘ึผืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ื ื•ื˜ื˜ืข. ื“ื™ื 
ืคืืจื˜ืฉืจื™ื˜ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ึผ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขืจืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. 

,ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคื™ื”ืจื•ื ื , 
ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืก ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืื”ืจ 


ื ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžืœืขืจ 9 


2 += 
4 
= { 


ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืคึผืœืื. 
ืขืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข 
ืคืขืจืœืื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืืœืก ื‘ื•ื›ืงื™ืคึผืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ืขืจืžื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืขื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืขื ื‘ืขืœื“ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ึผืขื“ 
ืงืœืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืจื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื”ืืคืคืขื ื ื ื’ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ ืจืข ื’... ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืึท 
ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง... 

ืคืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืึธื , 
ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžื”. 

ืฉื˜ืจืืžืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ื•ืืงืก, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ืข 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืฒื˜. 

;ืึทืจืืคึผื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ื  ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืœืขืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืึธื”ืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืขืŸ 

,ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœืืข 
ืงืœื•ื ืข ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืจื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึท ืื ืฆื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืกืขืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœืื ื“ืข 
ืœืืงืขื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจืฉืขืŸ ืจืฑื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืžึผืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึท ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜. 

,ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฆืฑื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืœืึธืข, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื•ืžื˜ืข ื’ืขืฐืขื‘ึผื˜ืข 
ื“ืจืขืกืก, ื‘ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจ" 
ื‘ืขื ืก, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆ- 
ื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ืก. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื™ืš ืคืขืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืฆืฐื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื—ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ืš. | 

,ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืข- 
ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื - 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ื ืึทืื™ืฐ, ื“ืืก ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœืจ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืืคึผื ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื ื ื‘'ืขื˜ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื 
ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื ืขืœืข 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืฅ 

ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฑื , ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™" 
ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืœืจ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื™ 
ืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฃ... ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืข" 
ืฉืขืคื˜ ื ืคืขืจ'ื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.,- 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคึผื ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 
ืžื•ื— ืืฑืฃ ื ื™ืขืžืืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืงื˜ ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืข! ืึทื”ื™ื™ื 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื”ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื’ืจ 
ื ืขืžื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขื• 


10 ืื‘ื™ 


= - 
ืืง 
ื™ืข ื™ืข ื•ื™ 


ื™ืฉื’ื–ื•ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื - 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื™ื“ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืจื™ืขื ื˜... 

ืืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ืงืื ืฆืขืจื˜-ื”ืืœืก, ื”ืื‘ึผ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืขืจืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื™ื”ืจ ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื‘ื˜... 

ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืึทืจื’ืคึผื ืขืœืื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืงืืคึผืฃ 2 ื“ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื›ื™ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืืจืขื– 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืึท ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’. ื ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผื•;ืื•ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืืš ื ื ืœืขื–ืขืœ, ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื ืงืขืจื˜ืฉ ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคึผื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืกืงืขืจื˜" ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ: 

;ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื ืขื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืงื™ื›ืข ืื•ื’ืจื•ื—ื™ื ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜... ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. 

{ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื˜, ื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงืœื™ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ื“ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืžืขื—ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึทืœืœืข ืžืึธื”ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžืึธื”ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื”ืŸื™ื™. 


ืคึผืึทืจืึธืฃ 


85 ืื™ืกื™ืืง. 


ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื”ืœ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, ืืคึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืคื™ืขืœืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืฃ 
ื‘ืขืฆืฑื™ื‘ึผืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื—, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข? ื”ืื˜ ืืฑืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื 
ืคืืจื“ืจืขืžืขื›ื˜, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืื˜ 
ื ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจ 
ืื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื• ื ื™ื. ื•ื•ืื• ื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ืค/ื ื“ื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื’ ืค};ืจื™ื˜ืœืืคืขื ืข ืืฑื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื‘ืข ืžืึธื–ืืœื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ โ€ ืื•ื™ืฃ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืืค ืืฑืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืกื™ื™ื“-ื•ื•ืืง, ื›'ื”ืื‘ ื ืขืกืžื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ ืกื™ื’ืืจ ื ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืงืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ. 

,ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึท ืคืฑื™ื ืขืœืข ืงืฒื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ืฉืฐื•ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืกื˜ื•ืงืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื ืึทื“, ืžืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฆื•ืคื? ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ึดื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืื’ืขื ืขื ื˜. 

,ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืœื™ื– 
ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื ืขื ื˜, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืข" 
ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื˜ 
ื•ืืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื›'ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืกื™ืŸ 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ 3 


7 ืื˜ 


ืงื™ืขืœ 


ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื 
ื–ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ,. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธืจืขื–, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืฆื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 

ืืื•ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฃ ืื™ืžืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขื“ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜, ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. | 

ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ึผื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ึผืื ืขื ืขื ื˜, 
ืื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื 
ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื ื‘'ืขื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ, ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืฆื•ืคืขืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึธ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ... ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ื™ืจืขืจ ืคืื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸื™-. 

;ืื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื•ื• 
ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ื˜, 
ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื• ืึท ื•ืื”ืœื”ืื‘ืขื ืจืขืŸ ืงืœืื•ืงื˜- 
ืžืึทื ื•ืคืขืงื˜ืฉื•ืจืขืจ. โ€ ื“ืืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื™ืขื›ื˜ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข โ€ ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœื™ื“ 
ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื ืก- 
ืœืื–ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืšืฃ ื’ืขืฉืจืืงืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืŸ. 

,ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขื•ืœื-ื”ืชื•ื”ื•, ื”ืื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก 
ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืื‘ ืื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ 


1 ื™ืก = ืื˜ 


ืขื˜ืœืขืจ | 11 


ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจืงื–ืื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืข 
ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึท ืœืื“ื™ืฆื›ื—,. ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื–ืื’ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. 

ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ื ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜, ืคืืจื™ 
ืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื™ืขืฆื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ,. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื™, 
ืื•; ื”ืืค ืฆื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื™ื ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืึถืคึทึผึด 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืขื ืขืžืขื ื˜ 
ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ื•ื•ืื”ื ื•ื ื , 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืึท 
ืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืื›ืคืืœื ืขืŸ. 

,ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืึธื”ืœ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฉืœืืกืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆืขื”ืจืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืึทืจื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืขืŸ. 

ืืคึผื•ืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื, ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ 
ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื  ื ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฑืกื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืึทืจืคืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืข ื™ืข ืึทืœืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื˜ืข ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืžืขืŸ,. ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืจื˜ืฐื™ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืงืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜". 

ืขึธืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืื”ืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืฉื ื•ื 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื ื  
ืžื•ื˜ื”, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืงื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืื•ื•ืขื - 
ื›ืื–, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ: ืื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 


19 ืื›ึผ, ืคึผืึทืจืึธืฃ! 


= ื’ืขืขื™ืขื˜ืจ ืขื•ื™ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจื ืข ื™ืข 


ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืื•, 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื ืืฃ ืึทื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืืคึผืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื“ื˜ืขืก ืื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ... 

ืฉืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื“ืืก ื•ื™ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืึทื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืข- 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื , 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืฐืึทื”ื ืฑื™ื ืฃ 
ื“ืืจื•ื ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืึทืฐืขืง 
ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ื•ื•ืื”ื ื•ื’ื’, ื›'ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ื™ื ืงืขืœ ื–ื™ื ืึธืคึผืฆื–ืืฐืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜. 
ื ืืš ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื 
ืขืจืฉื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉืึทืœ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื ื˜ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉื•ืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜... 

{ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ... 
ืืš ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืœ 
ืื•ืžืึทืจืžืขืŸ... ืงื•ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืื ืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ... 
ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื˜ื”ืขื... 

;ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจืึทื–ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื“ 
ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื—ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื”ืื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขื—ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ืจืขื - 
ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืงื™ื›ืขืŸ... ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื- 
ืจืขืŸ, ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 


ืืข 4 ื™ืฉืจ ื™ืœ =+ 


ืจื•ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคืขืจ* 
ืฉืขื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืŸ, 

ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื‘ึผืขื–ื™ื ื•ื ื ืก- 
ืœืื– ืงืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื”ืœืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืฃ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื ืขืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ึผืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’- 
ื–ืืžืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืœืขืžืคึผื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

;ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ืืก 
ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื‘ึผื™ื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืจืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ึผ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืงืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ื•ื•ืื”ื ื•ื ื’. 

ืืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ืขื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ, ื•ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืœืื ื’. 

,ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ. 

,ืึธื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืขืจื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื›ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืคืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืขื ื˜... ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืืจืฆืขื”ืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฆื•ืคื˜ ื“ืืก ื”ืขืจืฅ. 

,ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฐืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“. ืื™ืฃ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื—ื ื˜, ืึท ืคื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืืœืœืขืก ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื–ื™ื™ืœื˜, ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืืกืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืœืืจืขื ื 


5 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืœืขืจ 


=. 
= 


4+-ืฉื˜ 
ื”ื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืก-ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืจื™ื ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืืจืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืืฉืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืึท ืฉื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืืฃ ืึท ื˜ืขื”ืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืฉืžืขืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืฉืึทืกื˜, 

ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื—ืจ 
ืข:ื˜ืขืจื ืก ื•ื•ืื”ื ื•ื ื  ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ืฐืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœื™.. 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืงื•ืžืžืขืŸ? ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™- 
ืกืขืŸ?... ื“ื™ื 9ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื›ืื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ.... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜... 
ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜... 

;ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื—ืขืจื˜, 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื”ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืื ื ื–ืื ื’ืขืขืคืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ึดื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืขืœ-ืจื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจ" 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืึทืจืืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืข: ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืื ื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืื ื“ืข ืœืืงืขื ืก. ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
| ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉื•ืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ 


22 | 5 
ื ื™ื ืืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ืžื™ืฃ ื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜. 

ืืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขืงื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื ืขืคืœื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ,ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื‘ืขื ื“", ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ืึธื—ื ืข ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ 
ืืฑืกื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึทืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืงื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื - 
ื“ืข ื›ื™ืคึผืขืŸ, ืคืืจื’ืขืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฑืกื ืขื›ึผืจืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื™ืœื›ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื‘" 
ืฆืขืŸ. 

,ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงืกื˜ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ื“ืข ืงืจืขื›ืฆืข ืื•ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขื—ืจื•ื ื’. ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข 
ืžืื ืึทื˜ืขืŸ-ืœืื ื’ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืกืขื ื“ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ืฅ 
ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’. ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื˜, ืคึผืจืขืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง, ืื— ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื•ืึทืœืจ 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืขื•ื•ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื ืขื ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 

ืคืืจืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ืึทืฐืขืง ืึทื—ื–ืฒื. 
ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ืื•ื ื“ืื–ืฒืŸ? 


14 | ืื‘ื™ 
= ื˜ืœืขืง ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ? = ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš, ืื™ืฃ 
ื›ื™ืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืฃ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ? 

ืืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ื" 
ืœืื’, ืึทืจืฒื ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื›ืข.,. 
ืื ืืœืื–ื™ืจืขืŸ,. ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทื–ื ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืข. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืจื™ื™ื‘ืข ืขืœ* 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืื ืขืŸ? ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืก- 
ืžืืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืื”ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืฐื•ืขืœ? 

,ืจื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžืจ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืกื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—, ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืืš ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืืจืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืื–ืขืŸ ืึท 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ, ื“ื™ื ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ... โ€ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื™ 
ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืข- 
ืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ื”ืื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ื ืืš ืืžืื”ืœ 
ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ืš ืืคื’ืขื–ื™ืคืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜. 

ืืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืฑื, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ื™ืžืขืœืฉืขืจ, ื ืฑ-ืขื“ืŸื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื›'ื”ืื‘ ื ืข- 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ื”ืื‘ ืคืขืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธืฃ, 
ื”ืื‘ ืืœืœืขืก ื’ืขืกืคืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึทืžื•ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ. 

ืืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืžืื ืื˜ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึทืจืงืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืคืจื™ื™ืข ื ืจื™ื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืึทืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืคื™ื™ื ืขืœืืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจื ืขืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจื ืขืœ... ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜... ื ืขืœืื‘ื˜, 
ื’ืขืœืืคืขืŸ, ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, = ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ืืคึผืจื•ื”ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉืžืขืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื ืจืื–ืขืŸื™ื™ 
ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืืœืขื ืข 
ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืœืืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืื - 
ืฆืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ.. ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ... ื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ 
ื›ืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื™ื—ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. .. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื - 
ื ืขืŸ... ื’ืขื ืืกืขืŸ ื ืœื™ืก, 

ืื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืœืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืกืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜... ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ... ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ึผืขื–ืืจื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื™ 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ... ืืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ื™ืขื ืข 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ-.. 

ืืื™ื”ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึท;ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจื ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ 
ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืคืืœ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ 18 


= 
ื›ึผืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงืœืื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืึท ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. -- ;ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ. ' 

,ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ื ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืฑื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ื ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื ืขืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœ- 
ื˜ืึธื˜--ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื˜ืื”ืŸ? 

ืื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืกืขื ื“ืข ืžืขืœืื’ื›ืืœื™ืข ื”ืื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื•ื•ืืœืงืขื ืก ืงืœื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ 
/ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืขืœ... 

,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงืึทืคึผืข ื”ืฑื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืšืฃ ืขื˜ื›ื™ื›ืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืกื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ... ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื“ืืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืก ืึทื‘ื™ 
ืกืขืœ ื–ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ื™ื™ืŸ, โ€ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ 
ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื›ืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ืื”ื ื•ื ื’. 
ืคื™ืœืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืฃ ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืกื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ?... 

;ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืœืงืขื ื ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ึดื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืก ื”ื™ืžืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉืจืืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขื ืขืŸ... ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ ื’ืขืœืืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื—ื™ื™ื 


ื‘ืื”ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ืื ื ืขื ืขื”ื, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. 
ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื 
ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืืž 
ืึท ื˜ื™ืจื›ื˜ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ืขื ืจืขื• 
ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื ืึธืŸ 
ืึทืžืึธื”ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจื”ืืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžื‘ื•ืœ". ืžื™ืŸ 
ื”ืื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขื• 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœ: 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื, ืœืื–ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื: 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ,. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืข 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืึท ื ืึธื›ื• 
ืฐืึทื ื“ืœืขืจ, ืึท ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜.ื™. 

;ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื• 
ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ืคืขื ื“ืข ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื ืข ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ื ืืš ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืึทื ื ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืึธืกื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขื• 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืจ 
ื˜ื ื•ื•ืืก-ื•ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ? ื ืฉืžื—ื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื”ื 
ืžื™ืจ ืกื™ื™ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ืก ืื‘ืขื ื“, ื–ื™ื ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื“ืืš ืžื™ 
ืื™ืžืžืขืจ ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื“ืฑืขืจืŸ ื•ืืก ืื™ 


ื‘ื 7 6 28 ื˜ื˜ืคื”ื™ืืš 


184 


ืกื•ื›ืฃ 2 4:- 


ืื‘ื™ 


.ื ืื ื™ื™ื ืฃ, ืืค 0 ื 


ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœื™ื›ืข ืื‘ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ืื”ื ืขืŸ. 
ื ึธืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืฑืกื˜ ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ 
| ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืืœืขืก ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 
,ืขืคืขืก ืžืื“ื ืข ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื– ื ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ 
, ื“ื™ื ื”ืึทืจืฅ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืื ื ื˜ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืค ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื’ื ื‘'ืขื˜ ืึตื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง- 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื ืขืŸ... ืืคึผื ืขื ืืจื˜... 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืื›ื˜... ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืขื›ืข 
ืคืจืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืœืขื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืืชืœ ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ื ืข- 
ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืขื ืก ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ืข ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ื ืข... ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–... ืขืก 
ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืืœ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื“ืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืื•ื - 
ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฉืžืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ืขืจื•ื•ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึทื›ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’. 

,ื“ื™ื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืขืœื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืืคึผ, ืื• ืึทืœืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืืš ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืš ืœื™ืข2 ื–ื™ื. ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื˜ืื”ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืขื•? 

,ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขืจื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืœืืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืง- 


ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืึทื”ืฒื, ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื  ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขื˜ืจืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื›ึผืกื˜ืžืึธืจื“. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื˜ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” 
ื”ืื˜ ืกื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ... 

ืคืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ. 

,,ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ืจืขื ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ. .. ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืขื ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ืขืกื ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื™ื—ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื–ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืึทืจ- 
ืคืขืจ ืžืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื—ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ื”ืืจืฅ, 

ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืขื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื‘ึผืจืื›ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœ. ื ืืš ืึท 
ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื ื ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข: 

,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืœ ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ืื•ื ื’... ืขืจ" 
ืงืœืขื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืก ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ึผื˜ ื˜ื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื›ื™ืขื‘ืข. 

ืึทื ื•ืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืจืขื ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ื™ื™ื™ 

ื–ื™ื ืคืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืืŸ 
ืึดื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 


: : = : 
= = ืงืฉื•ืขืžืกืžืืกืจืจ. ื™ืก .1 = ื•ืืจื™ 2:62:8.= 8ื ื•ื’ ื•ืจ ืจืขื‘ืžื•ื  ื™ื™ -0ื™ืื™ืฉืืœ ื™ื“ืฉ ---2 


ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ึนื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ?ืื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื ืข ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื“ืืก ื˜ืจืืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืจืขื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ืข, ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืจืžื•ื˜ื”, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฑื›ืขืจืขืจ ืขืงืฑืกื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึท ื›ื™ืขื›ืขื ื“ืข ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื›ืขื‘ืขื ืก ืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืžื•ื˜ื”... ื”ื•ื - 
ื ืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ. ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ ืืœื›ืข 
ืคื˜ืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืืœืœืข ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆ- 
ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขื ืึธืื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜--ื“ืืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข. 

,ื”ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ. 

,ื”ืึธืžื˜ ื“ืืก ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืึธืื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื " 
ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืืก ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, 
ืคืื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’,, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื‘ืขื ืจืขื ืฆื˜ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืจืขืŸ. | 

ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื ื˜, ื‘ืขื ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืขื ื•ื ื’ืก 
ืœืื–ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืข. 

ืคื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผ ืื™ืžืฉืžืื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
'ื•ื•ืืก ืžืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืžื•ืจืขื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 


ื ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืœืขืจ 


17 


ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 
,ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก 
ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ. 
|,ืึทืš ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ื ืข- 
ื›ื™ืขื‘ื˜; ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืืกืกืขืŸ? 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืขื˜ื•ื•ืืก 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืก ืฐืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ} ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืฉื•ืœื“ 1 
,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื ื“ ืื™ืฃ, ืคืืจืœื™ืขื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืืก ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขื - 
ื›ื™ื‘ืขืก. 
ืืš, ื•ื™ื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืก ื–ื™ื ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึท 
ื–ืืœ ื–ึดื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืขื”ืจ ื•ื™ื ืึท 
ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืืจืฅ... ืื™ืฃ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจื ืขืกืขืŸ ืืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื˜ืืœ, ืืŸ ื“ืื 
ื’ืขืœืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ื•ืœื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื’- 
ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 
,ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืคืขืจื ืขืกืขืŸ ื“ืืก, ื“ืืก ื’ืขืœืจ 
ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื ื™ืคื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืืก ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืข 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื ื™ืคึผื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืก ื”ืขืจืฅ ื–ืืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืงื™ื”ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืืก ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืข ืงืื›ืข- 
ื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื  
ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื–, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืื™ 


81 ืื‘ 


ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืื“ืจืขืŸ ืื›ืข ืขื“ืขืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืขืกื™ ืœืขืŸ 
ืืš ื•ื™ื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื ืขืœ... ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืืœืก ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื ืืœืจ... 
;ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜... ื‘ืืงืœืื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขื ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ืข, ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ื‘'ื”ืื‘ ืืจื•ื˜ื ืขื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืึทืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ืขืง, 
ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืคึฟืขืจื“, ืื•ื ื“ 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืึทืจืก, ื ื•ืจ ืึทืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื ืฆื• 
ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื˜, ืืฑื™ืกื ืขืžื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืžืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืœืึทืกื˜, ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืข* 
ืจืข ื›ืึทืกื˜. 
,ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ื‘ึผืืงืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืงืจืื›ื˜ื ืข ืจืฑืžืข ืฆื•ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืื ื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ืขื ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื’ืขืจื˜ืจืขืฃื™ื™ 
ืžืื’ ื•ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืึทืกืขืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื”ื - 
ื•ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง... ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ืขื ื“ื›ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜... ืคื™ืœืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืฃ /ื–ื™ื" 
ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ 1+. 
,ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืึทืกืขืŸ, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื 
ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืงืขืจ- 
ืคึผืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผืฃ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื - 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ื“ืืก ืื™ืฃ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ื ืข- 
ื‘ึธืืคึผื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจื- 


ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธืฃ: 


1 


ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื  ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ืืœืขืŸ... ืฉื™ืข" 
ืคึผืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ.-. ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ื... ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜... ื ืงื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืคึผื™ืœืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืขืœ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืืžืคืฃ ืคืืจ ื“ืืก 
ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืœืขืฃ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ. .. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธื”ืœ ื’ืข" 
ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืืฑื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ 
ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืœืืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืขืงื˜, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉืขืœ ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืขืœืึทืš ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืž- 
ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืคืืจื”ืื ื ืœืืฃ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืจื›ืึทืคึผืคืืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื ืข ืคึผืจืฑ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื 
ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ื›ืขืœ ืืฑืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขื“ืขืœืขืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื‘ื˜ ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืข" 
ืžืขื ืจื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“, ืคื™ื”ืœืขื ืจื™ื’ โ€ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœื 
ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืจืข- 
ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: 

;ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืขืจ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืข 
ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ ืื™ื™ืฃ 
ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืจื•ื”ืข, ืคึผืคืœืขื ืข, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืคึท- 
ืฆื•ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืืœืงืื ื ืข= 


ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืจ ืืข :ื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืืจ :ืื•ื”ื• 


ื–ื›ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ืืžืขืŸ. 

ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข โ€ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื™ืžืžืขืจ, | 

= ืœืื ื ื–ืื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ 

ืื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื - 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ื˜ืจืฑื?... ื ื•ืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ืื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืึทื›ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™- 
ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื ... ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื›... ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ 
ื˜ึผืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ? 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืŸ, ืื• ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืžื™ืขืœ ืื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ื ื , ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ 
ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ึผืœื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืœืื–... ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืงืืžืคืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืฐืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืค:ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืื˜ืค 
ื˜ืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืข- 
ื‘ืขื•, ืื™ืš ื‘'ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืึท ืงืจื™ืคึผืขืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทื›ื‘- 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืข ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื ืก ;ืื–ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, = ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ.., 
ืื•ื ืคืขื—ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืคื˜ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืจืขื  


ืคืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฆื˜ืœืขืฃ / 19 


ืงืขืŸ... ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขืœืื ื‘ืืœื™ืข 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ. | | 

;ืขืก ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืคึผื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืืฑืคึฟืจืขืกืขื ื“ืข ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ..,. ื“ื™ื ืคืืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืจืขื ื“ืข ืงื™ืขื‘ึผืข ื”ืื˜ ืกืคื™ื˜ ื ื“ืืคืขืœื˜ืข 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ... ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ... ืึทื—ื™ืŸ. -. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜... ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, 
ืื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื—ืจ ืจื•ื”ืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ 
ื ึดึผื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜... ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื”ืจื˜. 

;ืื™ ืื•ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืข 
ืงืจืึทืคึผื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ... ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ืืจืž ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื”ืœ 
ื’ืขืžืจืืคืŸ, 


;ื“ืืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึทื•ื˜ืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื• ื’ืจื™ื™ื–. 


ืฆื ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื” โ€ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื™ืขื”- 
ืจื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜... ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืืฑืฃ 
ืื™ื—ืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื•ืขื”ืขืŸ 


ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืึท ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืœื™ืขื ืจืข 


ื‘ืœื•ื... 

;ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืขืŸ ืฉื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ืจืกื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ | ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ. ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจ ืื ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ืœึฐื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 


ืื‘. 


ืึทืจืฒื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืœื“ื“ืฉื˜ื™ืง... ืืš, ื–ื™ื 
ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื“ ื’ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืขืจ, 

ืขืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืœืึธ- 
ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื ืก-ืงืจืืคึฟื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืืขื ืคื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืืžืขื ื˜ ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขืœืืคืขืŸ ? 
ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ืš ืืคึผื ืขื ืึธืจื˜? ืืš 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ,| ืื™ื”ืจ ืื˜ื”ืขื... ื“ืขื ื ืขืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืฐืข: 
ื–ื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข. 

ืงืื™ื”ืจ ืื˜ื”ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื•ืึทื›ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 

ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ืืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข! ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจืก ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืื˜ื”ืขื ืืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ื ืขืชื”ืขืจื˜:..: 

ืืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืžืืจื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ, ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ื ื•ื™ืžื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืึทื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ, ืคื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืก. 

,ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขื ื“ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืœื™ื›ืข ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื˜, 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขื“ ื ื˜ื‘ึผืจืื›ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจ. 


ื”ืค 
ื•ื˜ 


ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธืฃ? 
ื˜ืจืขื“ื ืข ืขื‘ ืœืฉื›ื  


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื”ื ืข ืืฑืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืข" 


ื‘ืจืขื ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืจ ืคืœืื ืฐืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 

,ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืฃ ื“ืึธ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื™ืื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืฃ ืคื™ื”ืœ... ืื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก... ื“ืืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ืงื•ืžื˜. ืื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืจืฉ--ืฉืคึผื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืฃ 
ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืžื™ืฃ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ... ื–ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ. ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืจืขื 
ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 

,ื˜ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื " 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืึทื—ืขืจ, ื ื•ืจ ืื ืฆื•ืฉืข- 
ืคึผืขืŸ ื›ื•ืคื˜... ืื ื•ืืจืขืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ... ืฆื•- 
ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืจืขื ืจืขืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

,ืื™ืš ืคื™ื”ืœ... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก... โ€ ื“ืืก ื–ื™ื 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ... ืื™ืฃ ืคื™ื”ืœ 
ื“ืืก ื–ื™ื ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื•ื. ืื™ืš ืคื™ื—ืœ ื“ืืก ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืกืขื ืก - ื‘ื™ืกืกืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื—ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืื ื“ื›ื•ื ื’ ืงืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, 

;ืื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธืคื˜ืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธื ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื’ืงื™ืงืœื™ืš, 
ืงืจืขื›ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื–ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ? 

;ื–ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืจื™ืŸ, 


ื“ืกื— ื”ืืจ ืžืื˜ื™ืฉ- 


ื 


ื•ืคื™ ืจืจืขื•-ื–ื™ืžืืœืฃ 8 ืจ "ื™ื˜ื™ืก ื•ื– 5 ืืข ืœื™ื“ 


ื˜ืจื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื™ื ืึท ืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื—ืจ ืจื•ื”ืข? 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ื’ืขืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจ. ื’ืขื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจ ื“ืืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืืคึผื ืขืœืื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ื’ ืื•ืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

ืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทืŸ 
ื–ืืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ื ืข : ื“ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืืก 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืจ:ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทืฆื˜ ืื• ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจืœืขืจ... 

,ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืข: 
ืืœืก ืึท ื•ื•ืืจื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคื™ืขืœืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื ืก ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื - 
ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก - ืฐืขื’, ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืื˜ื—ืขื-ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื“ืืก ื ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืกืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืื˜ื”ืขืก-ืฆื•ื . +. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืงืœืื”ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื—ื˜ืืจืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื ืืœ" 


ืืžื•ื™ 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืžื˜ืœืขืจ 21 


ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืคึผื ืขื ืœืื ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื ืฉืคึผืืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื ื–ืื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืงื ืขืฉื›ืขืคึผื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœ ืื ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ืข ืกื™ื™ื“ - ื•ื•ืืงื™ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉื ื™ื™. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื˜ืื”;, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืืคึผืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•! ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ... ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉืžืขืŸ ืžืื”ืœ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื ื ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข, ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœื™ืขื‘ืข, ืึทื–ื ื ื•ื˜ืข ืขื“ืขืœืขืก ื”ืขืจืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืืคึผื˜ืจืขื™ 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืืคึผื ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืขื ื“ืข ื”ืืจืฅ... 

ื›'ื”ืฉึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ืฉืœืื- 
ืœืื–ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ, ืฆืฐืฒ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงืืคึผืขื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืงื ื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื ื™ 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขื ื ื™ืืžืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืžืข, ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื 
ืื™ื”ื, ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. โ€ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืœื™ืขื- 
ืคืืœืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ... 0 
ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื›ื™ืขื‘ึผืข... ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜... ื“ืืจื˜ 


95 ืืช, 


6 8 ื™ืžื™ืฉื– ืขื• 5 ืจ 


ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื˜ ืื˜ ืืก ืืขืงืืœืขืœืฒื™ืจืคืคื™ืฉืจ = 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ... ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืฃ... ืื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืืจื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜... ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ื˜ืข... ืงื•ืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืš 
ื˜ ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข... ืงื•ืก ืžื™ืš.... 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืืฆื™ืขื–ื ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืขืŸ ืงืขืจืžืขืจ, ืื• ื”ืื˜ ื™ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ โ€ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื‘ืจืข 


ื’ืขื ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื™ื›ื˜. ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื ื›ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. 
8 ื 16 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืคื ืขื›ืึทืžื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ืžืจื™ื”, ื“ื™ื 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœืื™... ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืื›ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืž ื˜ ืžื™ื”ืข ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง + 


ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืšืฃ ื”ืื‘ ืกื™ื˜ ืืชื ืขื“ื•ืœืจ 
ืื“ ื–ื™ ืกื ืขืœ ื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืจ ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืงืืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ, ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื•ืืฉ ืคืืจ ื ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืขืก 
ื“ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื• 
ื–ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืคื’ืขืจืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืข. 
ืืจืืคึผืฉืคืจื™ื ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื˜- 
ืงืืจืžืข ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื• ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื- 


3 ื ื™ื™ ืืก ื ื = ืืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ 8 3 620 
ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืžื˜ื›ื˜ 2 


ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•- 


ื’ื ืขื ื“ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข. 
ื–ืื ืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ื›ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืืกืขืŸ ืฉื™ื ื’ืœืฆืฑ 


ื’ืืจื•ื™ 


= 
ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื˜ 1 


ืžื™ื™, ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืื ืง, ื–ืื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืืงืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคืฃ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผ ื”ืื˜ ืขืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืคืขืœ ื’ืขื™ืื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขืœืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ืจืขืคึผืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืก ื”ืื‘ึผ ืื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื 
ื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜, ื”ืื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜... ืขืจ ืื™ 
ื ื™ืฉื›ื, ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฉืžืืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ืขื ื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืข ืงืืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ื ืขืงืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ื... ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข.. โ€ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจ ืžื ืขื ื•ืžืข- ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืงื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื•ื“ื'ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™- 

ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืœื•ื‘- 
ืฆืข.. 

ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืงื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื’ืขืžืจืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื–, ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื˜ื ื˜ ืขื ื- 
ืคืขืจืŸ, ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืฃ ืœืื ื ื–ืื, ื•ื•ืืงื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื. 

ื ืื ืฆืข ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืื  ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘'ื”ืื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื—ืื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืฉื ื™ื™ืจื˜:- 
ื“ืข ื–ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข... ืื™ืš ื”ืื› ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื”ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืขืœืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืขื‘ืขื™... ืื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ 
ื ืขืคื™ื”ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืจ... ืื™ืฃ ื•ึนืึธื›ึผ ื‘ืื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ืขืขืŸ 


ืขืจืขืœืข; ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
3 ืื 91 


-- 7 ืขื“ - 


: 4 4 ื™ 3 
ื™ื 2 ืฉื‚ ืื•ืฉ 0 ืฆื ื ืขื• = ืฉื‚ ืฉื™ 233 (ื’ 604 
ืฆ' = 0 8 { : | 
2 ืค 5 


ื ืจื™ืขื– ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืืžืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืš, ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 600 ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืฉ ืจื™ื 
ื ืขืžืฉืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืกื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืฉืขื”ื ืกืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื‘ื˜ื˜ืข ืื™ืจื™ืฉ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืฅืข ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงื, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ื˜ื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, โ€ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืจื™ืขื–ืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจื ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœื ืจืขืจ ืฉืขื—ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ึนื ืžื / 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ืืžืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. , 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืขื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื’ืžื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืจืขื“ืข ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืขืœืข ืจืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืึท, ื‘ึผืจื™ืช, ืฆ ืžื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘, 
ืึท ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืึท ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืึท ืชื ืื™ื, ืึท ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื–ื™ืœื‘ึผืขืจื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืœืจืขืจื ืข ื”ืื›ืฆื™ื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ื‘ึตึผื™ื™ ืึท ืœื•ื™ื”, ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืึท ืžืฆื‘ื”, ื—ื ื•ืš ื—ื’ื“ื• ื, ื–. ื•ื• 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจืขื‘ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืจืขืจืขื ืคื™ื• ืœืึธืจ- 
ื–ืฉืขืŸ,. ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืงืœืึธื‘ึผื, ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืก-ื˜ืึธ: ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขื˜, ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื•ื, ืจืขืœ 
ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจ ื™ื•ื’ื™ืื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืกื˜ ื‘ึผืขืœืขื”ืจืขื ื“ืข ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืจืขื ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืœืข ืื™ืจื•ืฉืข 
ื™ืžื™ืž-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื”ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœ?, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ึผื•ืงืขื ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกืฉื™ืฉ? 
ืจืขืจืขื ืฆื•ื ืœืึทื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขึถืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ,, ืื™ื– ื•ืขืจืืงืžื™ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืืคืขืกืืจ 
ื’, ื–ืขืœื™ืงืื•ื•ื™ืฅ, (ืคืžื’ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ) ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืฉึธื˜ ืืœื ืจืขื“ืฉืงื˜ืืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฆืขื—ื ืจืœื™ื’ืข ืจืขืจืขื ืคื™ืจ ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื—ื™ื™ืž, 


ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขื“ืขื. 


ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 6 ื’ืฒืœืึทื’ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขืจืขืก, ืคื™ืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ืœืึทื‘ืจ'ื˜ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื‘ืข. ืจื™ืขื•ืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขืจืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืืจื‘ืฒื˜ืขึธื˜ ื’ืื‘'ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงื™ 


ื‘ึผืจื™ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืขืจืขืก. 


ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืขื“ืขื, ื•ื•ึนืึถื ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ืจื™ื 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคืึทื›ืœืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืึธื ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื›ึนึผืจ ืžืฆื•ื— ืจืขื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 8 ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื’ืข ืฉืคึผืจืฉ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืฉ ืขื’ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืจืงืื™ืฉ. 
ืจื™ื– ืคื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืจืขืจื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจ ื˜ืฆื•ื” ืจืขืจืขื 150 
ืคืจื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจ ืจื™ ื’ืจ-ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืขืจืขื ืืœืฒืŸ, ืžื˜ืคื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ึนืจ 88, ืงืœืึธืžื” ื‘ึผืึทื ืจ, 80 


ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ื•ื›ื—ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืœืขื ืขืจ, 
ื”ื™ื‘ึผืจื• ืคืื‘ึผืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงึตืืžึฐืคึฐึผืื ื™ 
87-88788 ืงืื ืืœ ืกืžืจื™ื˜, - ืฐื™ืึธืจืง 


16 ืงืื˜ืืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืจื• ืคึผืึธื›ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืืžืคืื ื™, ื’ื•ื™ืืจืง, 


ืืœืข ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื 


(ืฉ. ื™ื™ ืื‘ืจืืžืื•ื•ื™'ืฅ), 


ืืœื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื“ืขืจ ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช, ื ื‘ื™ืœืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืฉืขึธืŸ ืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื, 


ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืœ, ื ืžืชื ื” ืคื™ืจ ืจื™ื ืœื™ืขื‘ืฅืข ืื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืจืขืจ, 

ื“ื™ื ื˜ืืงืกืข ืื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืื“ืž ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™- 
ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืขืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื—ืŸ ื ื˜ืืงืกืข ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขืชืŸ, 


ื™ื•ืจืขืœ, ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื— ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื•ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื‘ืจืืžืื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืจื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืคืื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืื’, 


ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขืจ, ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ืงืจื™ืฉื™ืง ืื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืคืื’ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื’ืจ, 


ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆืžืข ืฉืจื™ืžืžืขืŸ, 
ืคื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ, ื ืžืขืฉื— ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืžืข ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™, 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ื ื“ืจืืžื ืื™ืŸ 5 ืืงืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืกืœื™ืื˜ืฉืข ืื“ืขืจ ืฆืขึถืจ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื—ื—ื™ื™ื,, ื“ืื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืคืข ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื’ืจืืžืื•ื•ื™ืฅ'ืขืก ืคืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื•ืขึธื“ืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ,ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ืื˜ืฉ/* 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉืคืจืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื ืœื™ืžืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 


ื–ืื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืœืข, ื ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฅ, 
ื”ื•ืžืืจ ืื•ื ื“ ืฉืืจืคื–ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ ื“ืขื•ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ ืขื ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜-ื‘ืขืœื™-ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืจืขื“ืขืœ"ืคื™ืชืจืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ ืกืชื ื‘ืขืœื™-ืฆืจืงื•ืช 
ืื•ื ื“ ื ื•ืžืข ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืžืœืื’ืš, 

ื ืจื™ื–ืข-ื‘ึผืขืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข ื’ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ืืŸ ืื•ื ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ื•ื’ ืื ื’ืขื•ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื—ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉืขื”ื’ืข ื•ืื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืขืŸ. 

ืฉืœืžื” ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื'ืก, ื ืฉื™ืœืจืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืฉืคึผืื’ืขื ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœืขื”ืจืขื ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื 
ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื’ืขืŸ, 


ืื˜ ืจืงื™ 5 


10 
15 


15 


15 


0 


5 
15 
15 


15 


15 


10 


10 


ืงืืžืืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื’ื•ื• ืคืื‘ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืืžืคืื ื™, ื’ื•ื™ืืจืง. 7 


ื 


ื™ื™" 


ื’ืจืืฃ ืœืขื ืžืืœืกื˜ืื™'ืก ืฐืขืจืงืข. 


ื’ืขืืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ืจ', ืž, ื”ืขื“ืžืืœื™ืŸ. 


ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืžืฉ'ืขืก ืžื•ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ 

ื ืฆื•ื ืžื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ, 10 
= ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจ, ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื• ื‘ึผื™ืœื“, ื ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืก ืขืคืขื ื˜ 
ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, 8 
"ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื—ื™ื™ืจืื˜- 
ื”ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ื” ืขืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, 0 


ืื ื ื ืงืืจืขื ื™ื ื, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืขื”" 
ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืคืืœื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื ืจ 
ืคืขืจืœื™ืขื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืขืžื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืชื ืขื ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื ืœื™ืขื‘ึผื˜, ืœื™ื™ืจืขื˜, ื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื—ืจ ืจื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื˜ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืืœื˜ 


ืืคืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืœืื ื’---ืื™ื™ืคืขืจื•ื•ื‘ื, 28 
ื˜ืืœืกื˜ืื™'ืก ื‘ึผื™ืื ืจืืคื™ืข, ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ื™ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืœืจ, 0 


ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื- 

ืจืขืŸ, ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช, 10 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื ืคืจื•ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืจืืจื’ืขื - 

ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืก ืคืืœืฉืข ืœื™ืขื›ืข ืงืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 1 
ืจืขืจ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืืžืคืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื- 

ืกืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ืืจืฆืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืขืœืขืŸ ืžืขื ืขืจ-ืžื•ื˜ืช 

ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื ื™ืขื“ืจื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืฉื•ื•ืื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜, 10 
ืคึผืืœื™ืงื•ืฉืงื, ื ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืกืœืื’ืจ, / 10 


ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจื•ื ื’, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ืกืืจื˜ ืœืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืชื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืืจื’ืขื ืชื™ื™ืž, 9 


8 ืืœืœ ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ. ื–ื•ื–ื’ ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจ ืื˜ ืฆื™ 7 ื™ื ื‘ - ื˜ืคื™ืจ = ื™ืฆ ื™ื– 
3 


ื ืื˜ ืืฉืช 6-26ืฉ ืืืŸ, ืชืจื˜ืข ืื‘ื 806 ืจ == ืจ ื™ื™ ืื™ ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืข ื™ื˜ 


ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•, ื ืฉื™ืœืจืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื’" 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜, ื‘ืขืœืขืจ,, ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจ โ€ ื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ, 16 


ื ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืขืจ ืžืื ืืžื˜ื, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื”ื™ื•ื“ืจืื˜ื”ืขื˜ืืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขึธืŸ, ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขื•ื•ื™ืขื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ืก (ืืงื˜ืขืŸ ืื• ืžื™ืŸ 
ืืžืช'ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ืข ืขืงื–ื™ืกืฉื™ืจื˜ ื’ืืจ ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉ, ืขืื ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืจืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ืคืืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื•ื’, 18 


ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผื•ืš ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื™ืื”ืจ 1812, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืคืืœืขืืŸ ื”ืืฉ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ืจืื—ื, ืจื™ื ื˜ืขืœื— 
ืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ืงื’ืก ื”ืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืกืงื•ื•ื,,. ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื ืงื ืฆืข ืคืืœื™ืžื•ืง 

2 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ืจืืคื ืฆื• ื™ื {ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื˜, ื“ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจื 
ืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื ืจืืฃ ื˜ืืœืกื˜ืื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ. 68 


=ื“ื™ืš?. ื“ื•ืžืจื ื™ื, ื ื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’,. ื•ื•ื™ื- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ. ืคืขืœื“ืขื›ืจื— ืœื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืก ื ื‘ืขืœ 
ื”ืกืžื›ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื™"ืœ ื ื™ื ืžืืชืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืืœืกืฅ ื—ืกืขื™ื 18 


ืงืื˜ืึทืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจืจ 88 ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืืžืขืื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™ืืจื 


ืื˜ ึฟ 6 { = ื‘ืก 
ื™ ืขืžื™ืœ ื–ืืœ ืื‘ืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข, 
- : ื‘ึผืขืืจื ืฒื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“. ืž. ื”ืขืจืžืืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ. 


ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืข ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืืจืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื—ืœ, ื ืžื™ื™ืžื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืœื—ื˜ื”, 


5 8 ื ืœื—ื ื–ื™ื ื“, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืก-ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื“ืขื 


ืงืืžืคืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจืื ืงืขืŸ, 


ื“ื™ื ื“ืืจืคืก-ื˜ื™ื™ื“ืขืœ, ื ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ืขื“ื›ืขืŸ-ืื•ื ืฉื•ืœ4 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, 


ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉืขืจ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ึผื•ืš ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืžืื ื˜ ื“ืขืค ื’ืจืขื- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืกืขื ื–ืืฆื™ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืฉืคืจืื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜-ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืขืงื•ืขืžืคึผืœืืจืขืŸ, 


ื–ืฉืขืจืžื™ื ืืœ ืื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืื ื ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืš ืฐื•ืขื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“ืื ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ"ืงืœืื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืคืฃ ืคื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืžื˜ืขื ืฅ, ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื" 
ืžืขืจ ืจืืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืžื™ืœ ื–ืืœื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 


ืžื•ื™ื ืฉืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืื ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืž ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื•ื™ ,ื ืื ื* ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ืžื™ื™ืจืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืืกื˜ืฅ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืจืื˜ืข, 


ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืขื ื ืื›ื, ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืขืงื˜ ืืค ื“ืขื ืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ืžืข 
ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ืกื˜ืืงืจืืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืจ ืžืืกืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืืŸ ืœื™ืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขื—ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืœื ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฅ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืืกืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืืจืฆืขื ื—ื™ื™ื˜, 


ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืž, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื ืขืจ"ืคืœืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื‘ืขื’ื•ืื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืœืขืคืขื“ื™ื’ืขืจื—ื™ื™ื˜, 


ืจื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืžื™ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผื•ืš ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื• ืขืžื™ืœ ื–ืืœื ื“ื™ื 
ื‘ึผืขืžื˜ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืขืงื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืง" 
ืจื™ื™ืš'ื ื›ื? ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืžื ืฉืžื•ืžืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืขืœืžืืคื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืงืข ื•ื•ืื ืคืจืื ืง 
ืจื™ื™ืš'ืฉ ื’-ื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ, 


0 


10 


60 


6 


10 


ืงืื˜ืืœืืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื– ืคืื‘ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืืžืคืื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™ืื•ื™ืง 

ื ืื ื, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขื• ื•ึถื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืœืœืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืžื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืจืขืœ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื ืจืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืจืืžืข, 20 ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืจืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขืŸ, ื’ืจืืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืื•ืงื•ืจืขืŸ ืžืืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืชืจืข ืคื™ื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจื™ื—ืจื•ื•ื’, 


ื ืื ื˜ืืก ืื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืฉืขื”ื ืข ืžืขืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ, 


ืคืขืจื ื™ืคื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืฉืคืื ืขื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืืก 
ื–ืืœื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ, 


ื“ื™ื ืคืืจื™ื–ืขืจ ื“ืืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš ืขืคืขื ื˜ ืขืžื™ืœ ื–ืืœื ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืขืœืข ื“ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื ื‘ึผืขื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข 8 ืจืขื›ื˜ืข, ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืื“ืข ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ, ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืžืš ืจืขื›ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™- 
ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ, 


ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคื” ืฆื•ื ืงื‘ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ึผื•ืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ืขื›ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืฉืžืื“ื ืคืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืืจื‘ึผืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื ืงืขืœืกื˜ืข ืคึผืœืขืžืฆืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ืข ืกืืœืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืœืฆืข ืืจื™ืกื˜ืืงืจืืžืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืžืชื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ืฉึท ืฉืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ื•ื•ืืœืจ 
ืžื”ืึทื˜ืขืŸ, 


ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืข, ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืื ืฆื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื• ืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœื™ืขื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจืจื™ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืขืจ ืขืžื™ืœ ื•ืืœื ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืคื•ื•ื™- 
ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืข ืฆื• ืœื™ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืขืชืจ ื ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ื“ืจื™ืข, (ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื’ืขืจื™ื™ื), ื’ืจืื“ืข ื•ื™ื ืขื ืืื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื ืืžื™ืข (ืคื™ืขึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื), 


10 


10 


0 


1 


ืงืืžืึทืœืื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื• ืคืื‘ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืืžืคืื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ืืจืงืŸ 


ืืœืืกืขืœ ื 2622 


-- ืžืขื˜ื”ืืจืขืก -- 


ืฆื•ึผ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ืจืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ! 


ืืœืขื ื“ืืจืค'ืก ืคืขืžื˜ื”ืื“ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ื• ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™, ืฉ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื›ื•ืš ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื 2ื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืš ืื”ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืชืจืขืจ, , ืืœืขื ื“ืืจืค'ืก ืžืขืžืชื" 
ื“ืข" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ืืจื ื“ืื ื“ื™ื ืฉืคืจืืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขืžื—ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 18 ืœืขืง" 
ืฆื™ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืžื- 
ืคื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ืขืœืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืจื™ื ืœืขืงืฆื™ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืฉ ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆืŸ 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืขืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ืข- 
ืœืขืŸ ื–ืืœืœืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื˜ ืขื ืจืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื•ืข-ืฉื˜ืืฃ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื•ืขืฆืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ื•ืขื˜ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื•ืข"ืฉื˜ืืฃ ื–ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืื˜ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื”ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืœื™ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื™ื 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขื˜ืฆืขืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉืžื™ืง ืœืขื–ืข-ืฉื˜ืื– ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ 
ืฆื•ื ืœืขื”ืจ-ื‘ึผื•ืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื ื‘ืขืฐื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš, ืึท ืฉืœื™ืกืขืœ ื•ื•ืืก ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขื˜ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ืื˜ืฅ, ื“ื™ื ืื™ื’ืขืจื•ืขื˜ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื ื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ื•ืกืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื•ืข-ืฉื˜ืืฃ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
ืœืขืงืฆื™ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœืœืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืืœื–ื ืžื™ื˜'ืฅ ืฉืœื™ืกืขืœ ืื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขื˜ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืืจืขืจ ื ื™ื, ื“ืื ื‘ึผื•ืš ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 600 ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 


ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ ื ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขื ืœืขืชืจ-ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืฉืขืŸ ืคืืจืžืื˜ 
ืคื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงื, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืึทืจืงืื•ื•ื™,, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืจื˜ 


ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉ ืขืจ ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ื˜ื, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื•ื’ืจืขืŸ 


ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™'ื ืื•ื˜ืฉืขื‘ึผื ื™ืง ืื ื’ืœื™ืกืงืื•ื•ื ื™ืื–ื™ืงื, ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœืขื”ื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืจ 
ืกื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืš, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ืจืขืŸ 

ื ื•ืจืืงื™ื ืื•ึผื˜ืฉืขื‘ึผื ื™ืง, ืฆื• ืขืจืœืขื”ืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคื•ืืš 

ื™ื–ืจื™ืฉ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ื”ืœืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื›ื˜ื ื“ืจ ื”ืึทืจืงืื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขื ืœืขืชืจ" 
ื›ื•ืš ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืงื ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื‘ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
5 ืื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขืจืขื ืฉ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ, ืจืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืขื " 
ื’ืœื™ืฉ,, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืชื™ื™ืœ ืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื“ื™'ืฉ ืื”ื ืข ื ืจื™ื™ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืจื™" 
ืžืขืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ื”ืœืข 

ืื™ ืจืขื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผืขืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื ื ืขื”ืื, ืื•ืชืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 

ื“ืขืค ืืœืœืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืคืขื ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืฆืื”ืœืขืŸ, 
ืคื•ืจืืฆืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืื•ื ื˜, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 

ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืขืžื”ืื“ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื . ืก ื•ืœืึธืžื ื™ืก?ื™, 


15 


6 8 


24 ืงืื˜ืืœื: ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื• ื”ื™ื ืœ? 248 :2 ืงืืžืคืื ื•,, ื ื”ืืจืง, 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ืžืžืข ืฉื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืขืžื”ืืจืข, ื‘ึผืขืืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ืขืฉ ื ืืš ืจืจ, ืื”ื 'ื ื“ืืœืžืขื˜ื˜ืขืจ 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 3 ืื‘ึผื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื ืคืื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™, ื‘ึดึผื™, ืžื™ 
ื•ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืง:ื˜ืžืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื ื˜ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœื™ืšืฃ ืฆื•ื•ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื, ื“ืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ/ ืงืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื’ืœืงืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืŸ, ื•ื•ื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืžื”ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ ื‘ืจื ืฉื™ืจื˜ 

ื ื™ื™ืขืกื˜ืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืขื˜ื”ืื“ืข, ื“ื™ืžื, ืคื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื• 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืœืฃ ืžื™ืจ?, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืกื ืฑืจ ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™, 8 = ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ- 

ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื” ืชืืจืงืื•ื•ื™, 8 ื’ื•ืš ืฆื• ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืจื™ืฉ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืŸ ืื”ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ ืžื™ื ืึท ืงืœื™ื•ื ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืจืขื ื’ ืœื™ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืžืขืจ" 
ื•ืš, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืจื˜ 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื, ื“ื™ืžื, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 

ืงื™ืจ :0 ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื• ื”ืจ-ื‘ึผื•? , ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ 8 ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืค ืœืขืชืจื“ื‘ึผื•ืš 
ืคื•ืจ ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ืขื•ื•ืื  ืขื™ ืื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืœืขื•ืขืŸ, ืจืขื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืš ื›ืืœื–ืืžืขืŸ 

ื’ื™ืœื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ, ืึท ืœืขืชืจ-ื‘ึผื•ืŸื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืขืจืŸ ืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืœืขื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 

ื ื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ืฃ ืื‘ึผื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื’ื’ืขืŸ, ืขื•?:ืฆืขืจ ื˜ื–ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ืจื™ื ืจืขื’ืœืขืŸ 8 

ืœืขื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 2,000 ืขื’ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื•ืข ืขืฑื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ื–ื™ื™ื‘ ืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื ืฆื˜. ืื•ืŸ. ืื•ื“ื•ืฉ. ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืœืขื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ, ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื• ืขื ืข ืคืจืื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคืจืขื›ืข, ืคืขืจืžืขืจ ืคื•ื–ื™ื™ื˜, 


ืขืฆื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืข ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืŸ ื’ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืœึทืขึฒืจื™ | 


ื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืง, ื“ื™ื ื‘ึผืœืœื™ื 
ืขื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš ื•ื•ื ืขื› ื“ื”ืจืฃ ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคืจืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืฉืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ 


ืงืขืŸ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื’ืจืจ ื”ื˜ืจืงืื•ื•ื™, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ื•ื˜ 


ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ ื™ืง ื™ื˜ ืœืขื“ ื”ืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ืชื, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 


64 / ื 

ืืœ 4 - ืก ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื”ืื“ืข, ืฆื•ื•ืื˜ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืŸื™ื™ 

| ื ื’ืฅื ื˜ื•ื–ืื ื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 8 ืœืขืงืฆื™ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืงื•ื™ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกืœืขืจื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื•ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื’ืจืขืŸ 
ืชื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืœึนืฉืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืกืžื™ ื”ืึทืจืงืื•ื•ืŸ 6 ืขื•ื’ืœื™ืฉื™ื–ืขืžื™ืœืื™:ื– 
ื™ืขื ื˜ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื•. ืœืขืจื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื’ืจืขืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืงื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืฉ 


54 


ืฉืจ ืžื•ึธืœ ืขืก ื”ืœื™ืœ ื˜ืขื‘ 7 


28 
8 


88 


ื’ื™ 


80 
6 


ืงืื˜ืืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืชื™ืคืจืŸ ืคืื ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงื•ื™ืžืคืื ื™,. ื’ื•ื™ื•ื ืจืง. 


4 ื‘ืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก -- 


ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืฃ ืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 


ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™'ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉืžืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืœืขืจ, 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉ, ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืก-ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืฃ, ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ื’ืจื™ืขืฃ, ืœื™ืขึถื‘ึผืขืก" 
ื’ืจื™ืขืฃ, ื ืื‘ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืก-ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืš 
ื•ืขื’ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืืฉื™ืจืž 


ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™'ืก ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืœืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ื˜ื, ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 


ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™'ืก ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืคึผืขื ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืจ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ 4 ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 416 ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืก" 
ื‘ึผืจื™ืข; ืคืื˜ื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ, ื“ื™ืขื‘ืขื-ื‘ืจื™ืขืช, ื’ืื‘ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืขืœืขื ืจืืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ 
ื’ื•ืจืžื˜-ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืกื˜, ืื™ื–ืขื ื›ึผืื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ื•ืืฃ, 
ืžื˜ืื˜ื™ืกืฉื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืžื™ื’ืข ื–ืื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื’ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• 
ืœืขื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื™-ืœืึทื’ืข 
ื‘ึผื•ื›ื”ืืœืžื•ื ื’ ืคื™ืจ ื™ื•ืš'ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ึผื™ื‘ืขื•, ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืงืื ื˜ืจืืง" 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืœืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืœื™ื‘ืข ืงืืจืจืขืกืคืื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ื“ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืขืกื˜ืข ื ื™ืฆ" 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืคื™ืจ ืืœืœืข ืื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื, ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืขืŸ ืขื - 
ื ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื’ ืื”ืŸ ืคืขื”ืœืขื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืืœืฉืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ,ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืขืกืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืคืจืืงืžื™ื˜ืข 
ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืืคืขื“ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืืœืœืข ืืจืžื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืŸ, ืืœืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜, 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืชื• 
ืฉืขึธื”ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงืคื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืขื ืคืืคื™ืขืจ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืืจืžืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื™ 


ื•ื•ืืจืŸ'ืก ืคืืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉ-ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, 
ื”ืขืจื• ื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ืชืžืžืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจ" 
ืจืขื ืกืคึผืื ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืžืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘- 
ืคื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื• ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืžื•ื”, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ึผืขืŸ ืจืขื ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ืขืคืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขืœืื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื›ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืขื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 250 ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคืจื™ืงืกืข ืžื™ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขื˜ืฆื•ื’ื•, ืคื™ื™ืŸ 


80 


100 


8 ืงืึทืžืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ื• ืคืึธื‘ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืกืžืฉึทื ื™, ื ืฑืึธืจืง. 
-- ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ"ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ -- 


ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืื•ื•'ืก ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ึผื•ืš, ืขื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืื™ื•ื“ื‘ื•-ืกื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคืจืื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 

ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขืื™ืฉ-ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ึผื’ืฃ, ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื”, ื›ึผืจืขืกืœื•ื™ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขืื™ืฉืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ึผื’ึผืš, ื“ื™ืžื, 

ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉึตืืœ ื›ื™ื, (ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ึผื•ืš) ืžืขื‘ื•ื™ืช ืœืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืึทืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช, ืžืืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื–ื•ื›ืกืงื™, 

ืคืืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืก ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉ-ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ" 
ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ึผื•ืฃ. ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ืกื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืงืึทื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ, ืขืจืฉื˜ืขึทืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืœ. 
ืขื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืœืœืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›'ืฅ ืื™ื™---ื‘ื™--ืกื™ / ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฑืก- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืœืœืข 
ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืืœืฃ-ื‘ึผื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื•ืขื˜ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ืจืข 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื›ึผื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจ, 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ื”ืื ืšื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ"ื‘ึผื•ึผืฃ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืึทืจืงืึทืฐื•ื™, ืขื ื˜- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืขึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉื“ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ึผื•ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืคื ืึทื”ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉึทื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืึธืคึผื ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜, 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉื“ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืื•ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขื. ื˜ืืฉืขืŸ-ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ึผื•ืŸ; 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืึทืจืงืึทืฐื•ื™, ืขื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืœืœืข ืขึถื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืื™ื™---ื‘ื™--ืกื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขื˜ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืœืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจ. 
ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืืœืฃ-ื‘ึผื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืขืžืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธื˜ืช ื›ึผืฉื ืจ 


ื“ื™ืžื˜ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจ, 


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